Merriam-Webster as such defines the word tantalise: to tease or torment by or as if by presenting something desirable to the view but continually keeping it out of reach. Its etymology has its roots—as all good things—in Ancient Greece. It references the cruel fate that beset Tantalus, the ancient king of Lydia. Let us turn to Chapman’s Homer, in the closing verses of The Odysseys’ eleventh book, for a detailed depiction of Tantalus’s punishment:
[ - - ] I saw likewise stand, ◡ ◡ ◡
Up to the chin, amidst a liquid lake,
Tormented Tantalus, yet could not slake
His burning thirst. Oft as his scornful cup
Th’ old man would taste, so oft ’twas swallow’d up,
And all the black earth to his feet descried,
Divine pow’r (plaguing him) the lake still dried.
About his head, on high trees, clust’ring, hung
Pears, apples, granates, olives ever-young,
Delicious figs, and many fruit-trees more
Of other burden; whose alluring store
When th’ old soul striv’d to pluck, the winds from sight,
In gloomy vapours, made them vanish quite.
On Lenz’s Tantalus, a unique and ultimately revealing aspect of it is that, unlike the ancient sources which reveal Tantalus’s crime, various and heinous as they are, the German poet does not explicitly reveal any wrongdoing on the part of the Greek king, and instead brings to prominence the description of the his torment and particularly its nature as a mere farce for the Gods’ cruel amusement. The absence of a crime and thus the lack of justification for this supposed punishment insinuates the poet’s intention to appropriate the myth so as to convey his own supposedly unjust fall from his Pantheon in Weimar.
The dramolet, as Lenz describes it, follows as thus: Mercury and Phœbus laugh condescendingly at the mortal Tantalus as they learn he has fallen in love with Juno. They hide when he finally appears onstage; he is tantalised by an image of the goddess in the cloud, which disappears as soon as he gazes upon it, only to again reappear when he isn’t looking attentively. Cupid then enters and reveals his ultimate fate: nothing that he desires shall ever be conceded.
Who could admit they have never felt an agony such as the one allegorised by the misfortunes of Tantalus? Whose deepest desires have never been met by life by rejection and cruel derision, as if the Gods themselves wanted to remind one of their impotence? And how slippery indeed the slope to wallow in self-pity is! How easy it is to see Tantalus, chin-deep into a lake of sweet water, looking down, gazing upon his reflection, and finding instead the familiar figure we identify as… ourselves! It is indeed a testament to the everlasting greatness of the Greeks that even today we may find wisdom and solace in their myths. But perhaps we can extract an even greater wisdom from this story by relating it to a work I recently came across by Meister Eckhart.
On Detachment is a short text proposing detachment as the highest virtue tenable to man, for it is by detaching oneself from all of the joys, sorrows, pains and pleasures of life—a state Eckhart describes as so nearly nothing—that one’s soul becomes more readily opened to the love of God—and thus closed to the rest of the world. Eckhart even raises it above the virtue of humility, stating that humility can exist without detachment, but the same cannot be said of the opposite, and two virtues are always better than one.
Now, what is not explicitly posited but can be implicitly inferred is that attachment, the opposite of detachment, makes one prone to suffer the woes characterised by the outer—and often unchangeable—circumstances of life. Such a vice is epitomised by our dear Tantalus, who is tortured only inasmuch as he is tormented by his desires—which, it must be reminded, is what brought about his punishment in the first place. In Lenz, we find his castigation in the constant and almost provoking disappearance of the image of his beloved, but only because she is precisely the object of his desire. Tantalus is thus his own prisoner, for he is not free from his most oppressive shackles: his desires, which stem, of course, from his attachments to whatever it is he believes his desires will achieve. Perhaps it is the glory of the seat at the feasts of Mount Olympus or quite simply the acceptance and recognition from the Gods, whom he looks up to.
At the end of the drama, Cupid warns Tantalus not to reach for anything that does not belong to him—with this in mind, we must ask ourselves what, after all, rightfully belongs to us? Perhaps Tantalus may one day realise that the Gods never owed him anything and that he brought his punishment upon himself. Perhaps he may one day be free from all desire and may embrace the inherent suffering of his life and fate as a path to salvation. Perhaps he may realise that all he truly needs may be found within himself. Perhaps, then, we could imagine Tantalus happy.
Vi Tântalo também, num lago imenso
Que o mento lhe banhava, ardendo em sede.
Pois, a apagá-la se perdia o velho,
A água absorta escoando-se, um demônio
Aos pés seco atro lodo lhe mostrava.
Sobre a cabeça corpulentos galhos
Suspendiam-se frutas sazonadas,
Figos doces, romãs, pêras e olivas;
Mas, se o velho faminto ia colhê-las,
O vento as levantava às densas nuvens.*
O mito daquele que é talvez o mais sobrecarregado de infortúnios — possível origem, segundo nos diz Platão em seu Crátilo, do próprio nome “Tântalo” — chamou-me a atenção ao ler acerca de Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz, o poeta esquecido e desafortunado cuja fama hoje repousa mais sobre a novela inacabada escrita a seu respeito por Georg Büchner do que sobre sua própria obra. Permitam-me uma breve explicação. No início da década de 1770, Lenz era um jovem poeta representativo do movimento Sturm und Drang, mas suas tentativas de consolidar uma reputação no círculo intelectual de Weimar terminaram em desgraça — aparentemente, por causa de sua própria natureza caprichosa. Nesse período, era conhecido de Goethe, que, embora ainda em ascensão, já era então uma figura estabelecida na corte de Weimar. Pareciam amigos, mas à medida que a posição social de Lenz se deteriorava, também se deteriorava sua relação com Goethe, e, disto, o jovem acabaria por ressentir-se profundamente. Ferido pela rejeição de Weimar, o sensível Lenz respondeu com a publicação de Tantalus, um pequeno drama em versos inspirado no mito grego, que mal esconde a identificação do próprio autor com o rei homônimo.



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